Lithobates vibicarius (Cope, 1894)

Species Nomenclature

Lithobates vibicarius, also called Lithobates vibicarius (Cope, 1894), are relatively large frogs, with a snout–vent length ranging from 6 to 9 cm (2.4 to 3.5 inches).

Dorsal Coloration

Their dorsal coloration is variable and can be golden, greenish, or dull brown; juvenile individuals are usually green. Most individuals have at least some darker markings on their dorsum.

Dorsolateral Fold Features

The dorsolateral folds typically have black linings along their outer edges.

Facial Markings

A black face mask is a common trait for this species, and the upper lip has a white lining.

Additional Morphology

The iris is green, and the feet are extensively webbed.

Habitat Type

This is a semi-aquatic frog species that occurs in lower montane rainforest and the lower portions of montane rainforest. They prefer dense woodland habitats, but can also be found near water in clearings or pastures.

Current Distribution

Lithobates vibicarius was once very common across Costa Rica, but has nearly disappeared from the region; only three populations are currently known. Survey efforts in Panama have not found any individuals of this species.

Population Decline Causes

This population decline is thought to be primarily caused by the disease chytridiomycosis, though habitat loss and agricultural chemicals may have also contributed to the decline.

Conservation Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature currently lists Lithobates vibicarius as an endangered species.

Breeding Period

Breeding can take place throughout the year, but is concentrated in the early parts of the rainy season.

Mating Behavior

Both calling and mating occur at night. Males typically call from vegetation growing in water, and their call is a low, harsh trill.

Egg Laying

Eggs are laid in large, round gelatinous masses in shallow bodies of water, where they are attached to vegetation.