About Hadena perplexa (Denis & Schiffermüller), 1775
Technical description and variation: The wingspan of Hadena perplexa is 27–36 mm. The forewing is olive grey brown or olive ochreous, clouded with darker tones. It has a large, dark claviform stigma; the orbicular and reniform stigmas have brown centres, white rings, and are outlined in black. Several black tooth-shaped marks sit before the submarginal line. The hindwing is dirty grey, growing darker toward the termen, with dark veins. This darker form is the typical variant found across most of Europe. In Britain, it is replaced by the form ochracea Haw., which is pale ochraceous with only slightly darker markings. Examples with an actual white ground colour occur on chalk lands in southern England, and are referred to as ab. pallida Tutt. Conversely, the darkest forms of ochracea Haw., which have few markings and uniform coloration, are known as brunnea Tutt. Distribution: Hadena perplexa has been recorded in Africa, Asia, and Europe. In North Africa, it has been documented from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In Asia, it has been found in Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, northern Asia, Central Asia, northern India, and western China. It occurs throughout all of Europe.
